Raising of Finance & Project Finance Project Report

RAISING OF FINANCE
Finance for a Project in India can be raised by way of
(A) Share Capital
(B) Long term borrowings
(C) Short term borrowings

Both share capital and long term borrowings are used to finance fixed assets plus the margin money required to obtain bank borrowings for working capital. Working capital is financed mainly from bank borrowings and from unsecured loans and deposits.

Share Capital consists of two broad categories of capital namely equity and preference. Equity shares have a fixed par value and can be issued at par or at a premium on the par value. Shares cannot normally be issued at a discount. However, in exceptional circumstances issue of shares at a discount is permitted provided (a) the shares are of a class already existing, (b) the discount is authorised by the shareholders, and (c) the issue .is sanctioned by the Central Government. Normally the Central Government will not sanction a discount exceeding 10%.

The corporates are now allowed to raise resources for expansion plans. by issuing equity shares with differential voting rights. The main advantages of such category of shares are :
1. Equity can be raised without diluting stake of the promoters.
2. Companies can reduce gearing ratios.
3. The risk of hostile takeovers is reduced to a considerable extent.
4. The passing of yield in the form of high dividends to the investors can be ensured.

The following are the general disadvantages
1. The cost of servicing equity capital will increase.
2. Poor corporate governance may be encouraged.
3. If issued at discount, they may raise the equity burden.

Preference shares carry a fixed rate of dividend (which can be cumulative). These shares carry a preferential right to be paid on winding up of the company. Preference shares can be made convertible into equity shares. Issue of preference is not a popular form of capital issue.

The issue of capital by companies is governed by guidelines issued by the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) and the listing requirements of the stock exchanges.

Apart, from equity, there can also be various forms of pseudo equity. The most common forms are fully or partly convertible debentures and debentures, issued with warrants entitling the holder to subscribe for equity. There can also be an issue of non convertible debentures.

Term finance is mainly provided by the various All India Development Banks (IDBI, IFCI, SIDBI, IIBI etc.), specialised financial institutions (RCTC, TDICI, TFCI) and investment institutions (LIC, UTI and GIC). In addition, term finance is also provided by the State financial corporations, the State industrial development corporations and commercial banks. Debt instruments issued by companies are also subscribed for by mutual funds and financing activities are also done by finance companies.



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Project Report on ICICI Bank

BANKING IN INDIA:
Without a sound and effective banking system in India it cannot have a healthy economy. The banking system of India should not only be hassle free but it should be able to meet new challenges posed by the technology and any other external and internal factors. For the past three decades India's banking system has several outstanding achievements to its credit. The most striking is its extensive reach. It is no longer confined to only metropolitans or cosmopolitans in India. In fact, Indian banking system has reached even to the remote corners of the country. This is one of the main reasons of India's growth process.

HISTORY:
The first bank in India, though conservative, was established in 1786. From 1786 till today, the journey of Indian Banking System can be segregated into three distinct phases. They are as mentioned below:

PHASE I
Early phase from 1786 to 1969 of Indian Banks

PHASE II
Nationalization of Indian Banks and up to 1991

PHASE III
Indian Financial & Banking Sector Reforms after 1991.



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Project Report on Currency Derivatives

INTRODUCTION TO CURRENCY MARKETS

BASIC FOREIGN EXCHANGE DEFINITIONS

Spot: Foreign exchange spot trading is buying one currency with a different currency for immediate delivery.
The standard settlement convention for Foreign Exchange Spot trades is T+2 days, i.e., two business days from the date of trade.

Forward Outright: A foreign exchange forward is a contract between two counterparties to exchange one currency for another on any day after spot. In this transaction, money does not actually change hands until some agreed upon future date. The duration of the trade can be a few days, months or years. For most major currencies, three business days or more after deal date would constitute a forward transaction

Base Currency / Terms Currency: In foreign exchange markets, the base currency is the first currency in a currency pair. The second currency is called as the terms currency. Exchange rates are quoted in per unit of the base currency. E.g. The expression US Dollar–Rupee, tells you that the US Dollar is being quoted in terms of the Rupee. The US Dollar is the base currency and the Rupee is the terms currency.
Exchange rates are constantly changing, which means that the value of one currency in terms of the other is constantly in flux. Changes in rates are expressed as strengthening or weakening of one currency vis-à-vis the other currency. Changes are also expressed as appreciation or depreciation of one currency in terms of the other currency. Whenever the base currency buys more of the terms currency, the base currency has strengthened / appreciated and the terms currency has weakened / depreciated. E.g. If US Dollar–Rupee moved from 43.00 to 43.25, the US Dollar has appreciated and the Rupee has depreciated.

Swaps: A foreign exchange swap is a simultaneous purchase and sale, or sale and purchase, of identical amounts of one currency for another with two different value dates. Foreign Exchange Swaps are commonly used as a way to facilitate funding in the cases where funds are available in a different currency than the one needed. Effectively, each party to the deal is given the use of an amount of foreign currency for a specific time. The Forward Rate is derived by adjusting the Spot rate for the interest rate differential of the two currencies for the period between the Spot and the Forward date. Liquidity in one currency is converted into another currency for a period of time.



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Analysis of Demat Account and Online Trading Project Report

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
The commencement of E-Trading and Demat has transformed the capital market in India. With the help of Demat and Trading account, buying and selling of shares has become a much faster and even process than trading with the assistance of a physical broker. It provides for the assimilation of bank, broker, stock exchange and depository participants. This helps to get rid of the painstaking procedure of investing in stock exchange. Today, if one wants to invest in stock market, he has to contact a broker on phone or meet him personally to place order. A broker generally gives such importance and additional service only to high net worth customers. But the introduction of Internet trading, even a common or a small investor gets an opportunity to avail the service at an affordable price which is much lesser than what is charged by a physical broker over the phone. Online trading has given customer a real time access to account information, stock quotes elaborated market research and interactive trading. The prerequisites of Internet trading are a computer, a modem and a telephone connection, registration with broker, a bank a/c and depository account. The introduction of depository service is considered as the beginning of the trading of Stocks @ click. This means that you can arrange delivery of scrips sold anytime, anywhere to anyone by click of a mouse. Dematerialization facilitates to keep the securities in electronic form instead of paper form. It offers more advantageous than the physical certificate form. Despite the advantages of Dematerialization, the awareness levels among the investors relating to Demat account is not adequate because of numerous reasons. The investors are not sufficiently responsive of the concept of Demat account and the various financial institutions providing such services. This study involves understanding the various concepts of Demat and analyzing the investment pattern of individuals in India and a study on Analysis of awareness among investors regarding On Line Trading and Dematerialization has been submitted to Pune Institute of Business management, Pune in partial fulfillment of post graduate programme (PGPBM+MBA).

OBJECTIVES AND LIMITATIONS

Objectives:
An objective is the brainchild behind any project report. A project report will always have a certain objective which needs to be accomplished. Following are the objectives behind the preparation of my project at Indiabulls securities Ltd.

=> To Compare Indiabulls Online share trading account with the big players in the Market i.e. ICICI, KARVY, HDFC, RELIENCE MONEY as well as with INDIA INFOLINE
.
=> Identify the areas where INDIABULLS Scores above its competitors and what are its weak links.

=> Know the market potential of INDIABULLS considering the fact that there are many competitors in this field with some more firms expected to join the fray in the near future. This will be done with the help of a questionnaire. Provide suggestions to the company regarding what else it can do to stand apart in this ever competitive field and thereby emerge as a market leader.


=> To understand the company, its achievements and tasks, products and services and also to collect information about its competitors, its products and services offered.

=> After understanding and collecting information about the organization and its competitors, a trainee will be able to work well for the organization.


=> To Study present online share trading



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An Empirical Study on Universal Banking and its Potential for Indian Market Consumers Project Report

ABSTRACT

Different types of financial products and services penetrate our daily activities. As a major group of financial institutions, banks have been expanding their service scope, and hence, universal banks, which provide a variety of financial products and services in one house, have experienced growing popularity in some industrialized countries. In India, banking institutions have assumed a key role in the simplistic financial sector. Commercial banks have made effort to diversify their products and services, but a lengthy process is expected for their transition into truly universal banks. It is argued that the current structure and practices of the local market also contribute to this lengthy transformation. Thus, banks, which assume a leading position in most financial systems, have to be prepared for the growing need of their customers. Also, government should provide necessary assistance to banks for aiding them to get converted into universal banking system for the benefit of Indian customers.

INTRODUCTION
Banking institutions are dominant operators in modern financial systems and important business entities in an economy. They are divided into two separate types of institutions, namely commercial banks and investment banks in some countries, while in other countries such division is vague or even non-existent. The so-called universal banks engage in all forms of commercial and investment banking, not only including lending and deposit taking, but also underwriting securities and securities trading. In particular, some universal banks may own significant equity interests in companies with voting rights.
Germany is the typical example running the universal banking system. Canada and Switzerland, among others, are noteworthy examples moving towards universal banking. Despite the growing popularity of universal banks in a global context, the United States continues to block commercial banks from engaging in securities transaction and underwriting. Hence, it is argued that the practice of universal banking may not be suitable for all financial systems.
This project is designed to discuss primary practices of universal banks and their relevance to banking activities in India. The objective is to analyze whether the concept of Universal Banking, if implemented by Indian banks, have potential for Indian market consumers.



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Subprime Lending - Project Report

Subprime lending (near-prime, non-prime, or second chance lending) is a financial term that was popularized by the media during the "credit crunch" of 2007 and involves financial institutions providing credit to borrowers who do not meet prime underwriting guidelines. Subprime borrowers have a heightened perceived risk of default, such as those who have a history of loan delinquency or default, those with a recorded bankruptcy, or those with limited debt experience.
Although there is no standardized definition, in the US subprime loans are usually classified as those where the borrower has a FICO score below 680. Subprime lending encompasses a variety of credit types, including mortgages, auto loans, and credit cards.
Subprime could also refer to a security for which a return above the "prime" rate is adhered, also known as C-paper. The term subprime often correlates with non-conforming loans, or those that do not meet Fannie Mae or Freddie Mac guidelines. Those guidelines may be the size of the loan, a high debt-to-income ratio or lack of income documentation provided.
The Wall Street Journal reported in 2006 that 61 percent of all borrowers receiving subprime loans had credit scores high enough to qualify for prime conventional loans.
Proponents of subprime lending maintain that the practice extends credit to people who would otherwise not have access to the credit market.



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Carbon Credit Futures Project Report

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY:

In 1997, Kyoto Protocol, a voluntary treaty was signed by 141 countries to reduce the emissions of Global House Gases by 5.2% below 1990 levels by 2012. Certified Emissions Reductions (CER) or Carbon credits are certificates issued certifying reduction in emissions. The developing countries have been exempted from any such restrictions. These certificates can be traded in the market and purchased by firms which find purchasing emission credits to offset its emissions lower in cost. Thus an opportunity has emerged for firms in developing countries like India, Brazil and China to boost their earnings by complying with norms. However not all projects are eligible for registration under the Clean Development Mechanism under the Kyoto Protocol. As a result a large number of advisory firms have spawned. In addition an entire market has been developed around the same. The key participants apart from
the project developers are, including not limited to, verification, certification and financing institutions.

In India this opportunity has manifold implications affecting not only industry but also government, financial institutions and civil society at large. Most importantly this has opened up a new source of cash flow in project financing making unviable projects viable by exceeding the hurdle rate for investment returns. Industry will need to adapt to the changing opportunity that it
brings along i.e. higher return on investments along with risks that are inherent in carbon credit project financing. In my opinion, it will be realistic on part of firms to consider this mode of cash flows in project financing. Further this provides a strategic role for the countries to benefit from the cash flows that can be invested in cleaner technologies for sustainable development.



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Equity Market in India Project Report

EQUITY MARKET

In financial markets, stock is the capital raised by a corporation through the issuance and distribution of shares. A person or organization which holds shares of stocks is called a shareholder. The aggregate value of a corporation's issued shares is its market capitalization. When one buys a share of a company he becomes a shareholder in that company. Shares are also known as Equities. Equities have the potential to increase in value over time. It also provides the portfolio with the growth necessary to reach the long-term investment goals. Research studies have proved that the equities have out performed than most other forms of investments in the long term. Equities are considered the most challenging and the rewarding, when compared to other investment options.

Research studies have proved that investments in some shares with a longer tenure of investment have yielded far superior returns than any other investment. However, this does not mean all equity investments would guarantee similar high returns. Equities are high-risk investments. One needs to study them carefully before investing. Since 1990 till date, Indian stock market has returned about 17% to investors on an average in terms of increase in share prices or capital appreciation annually. Besides that on average stocks have paid 1.5 % dividend annually. Dividend is a percentage of the face value of a share that a company returns to its shareholders from its annual profits. Compared to most other forms of investments, investing in equity shares offers the highest rate of return, if invested over a longer duration.

The first company to issue shares of stock was the Dutch East India Company, in 1602. The innovation of joint ownership made a great deal of Europe's economic growth possible following the Middle Ages. The technique of pooling capital to finance the building of ships, for example, made the Netherlands a maritime superpower.



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Project on Relaince Telecommunication

RESEARCH PROBLEM
=> Collection of Customer Data of other companies –Tata Indicom, Airtel & BSNL
=> Sales associates and Sales Executive sometime gives wrong data
=> Limitation of time and money

RESEARCH OBJECTIVE
• To Retain the customer and increase the potential within the limited territory
• To understand the reason of negative churn.
• To analyze the current perception of RCom with respect to other companies.

SUB OBJECTIVE
To know the demand of Rcom Broadband in as the demand of RCom Broadband declining in the market
• To help in development and need of new product
• To identify the company position among competitors
• To determine those factors which persuade Customers to buy RCOM broadband products.
• To find out which type of schemes customer prefer and why?


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Rural Finance in Indian Economy Project Report

Meaning of an Underdeveloped Economy:
There is a big difference between underdeveloped and developed countries. The United Nations group of experts states, “We have had some difficulty in interpreting the term ‘underdeveloped countries’. We frankly consider that, per capita real income is low when compared with the per capita real incomes of the United States of America, Canada, Australia & Western europe. Briefly a poor country.

The term ‘underdeveloped countries’ is relative. In practical, those countries which have real per capita incomes less than a quarter of the per capita income of the United States, are underdeveloped countries. But recently UN publication prefer to describe them as ‘Developing economies’. The term ‘developing economies’ signifies that though still underdeveloped, the process of development has been initiated in these countries. Thus, we have two economies ‘developing economies’ & ‘developed economies’. The World Bank issued in its World Development Report (1991) classified the various countries on the basis of Gross National Product (GNP) per capita. Developing countries are divided into: (a) Low income countries with GNP per capita of $580 and below in 1989; and Middle income countries with GNP per capita ranging between $ 580 and $ 6,000. As against them, the High-income Countries which are mostly members of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and development (OECD) and some others have GNP per capita of more than $ 6,000.
The above data given in the table noted that in 1989 low income countries comprise nearly 57 percent of the world population (2,948 million), but account for only 5 percent of total world GNP. The middle income countries, which are less developed than the highly developed than the low income countries comprise about 21 percent of world population but account for 11 percent of world GNP. Taking these two groups which are popularly described as developing economies or ‘underdeveloped economies’, it may be stated that they comprise over three-fourths of the world population but account for about one-sixth of the world GNP. Most countries of Asia, Africa, Latin America and some countries of Europe are included in them.

Objectives
=> To revise the financial capability of the lending agencies in rural ares to analysis the drawbacks & advantage of flow of credit in rural areas.
=> The rural credit system should be strengthen
=> To study the role of rural finance in Indian Economy.

Methodology
Assigned project task is completed by going through various books, committee reports regarding Indian agriculture & non-farming sector, also role of various financial institutions in this grassland.

The project report entitled here is purely study project and does not include any predictions or forecast regarding the future trends in the rural sector.

The project is based on various references taken from book & reports mentioned in the bibliography at the end of the assign project.


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Working Capital Management

Contents
• Gross and net working capital
• Components of working capital
• Objectives of working capital management
• Operating cycle and turn over
• Factors influencing working capital including working capital policy of the business enterprise
• Estimation of working capital and sources of working capital
• Brief visit to recommendations of various committees affecting working capital resources from banks
• Cash management
• Inventory management
• Receivables management
• Numerical exercises on:
Estimation of working capital
Cash flow statements
EOQ model and
Receivables management

At the end of the chapter the student will be able to:
• Calculate operating cycle in days and value
• Estimate the different components of current assets and arrive at required working capital assistance from external sources
• Prepare cash flow statement after understanding the difference between cash budgeting and cash flow statement
• Apply Inventory control techniques like EOQ, ABC analysis, movement analysis to materials
• Appreciate that control of work in process is a technical subject and control of finished goods is a factor of stocking policy and the nature of industry
• Calculate the inventory carrying costs and receivable carrying costs and
• Map the process of bills discounted with banks and compare bills discounted with factoring of receivables


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Long-term financing

Contents
• Financial planning for capital assets
• Differences in approach between an existing enterprise and a new enterprise in respect of available resources
• Financial projections – assumptions that go into them and projecting variable and fixed expenses
• Role of strategy in long-term financing
• Questions for practice and reinforcement

At the end of the chapter the student will be able to:
• Apply financial planning process and determine the components of a capital structure both for a new enterprise as well as an existing enterprise
• Determine the assumptions that go into estimating the financial results of an enterprise
• Project the variable and fixed expenses for the following period through proper methodology
• Distinguish between strategic planning and taking decision purely on numbers


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Financial Resources- Short-term and Long-term

Contents
• Difference between short-term and medium-term/long-term in terms of duration
• Differences in objectives of short-term and longer duration resources
• Financial instruments – concept of securities issued by limited companies for raising resources
• Short-term resources
• Medium and long-term resources
• Characteristic features of these resources
• New instruments introduced in India

At the end of the chapter the student will be able to
• Choose between short-term and long-term source depending upon the objective
• Determine the best-suited resource among the various short-term and long-term resources
• Apply the characteristic features of new instruments and incorporate them in a given business depending upon their characteristic features and advantages

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Project Report on ICICI Bank

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
The main object of the project was to learn about the various products that the bank had to offer to the customers, learn about the latest 5 ‘S’ Philosophy that the bank has implemented, also learn the Retail Business Development Model that is basically a new dimension of selling product to customers, analyze the awareness of the Bank@home service with existing customers, educate them regarding the same and motivate them to enroll for the service and also try to assess why the customers are resisting to use the service and finally encourage corporate organizations that maintain their salary accounts with the bank to get a corporate box installed in their office premises.

In order to understand and analyze the awareness of Bank@home service a questionnaire was prepared and the focus was on the walk inns at the branch that already are customers of the bank. The idea was to analyze the various issues as mentioned above. The analysis showed that many of the existing customers who live even far off from the branch have high frequency of visits to the branch. The analysis also clearly showed that the awareness regarding the service was extremely low. The Bank had to promote the service in order to reach out to the customers and make its presence felt. Observation also indicated that the foot falls at the Connaught Place branch actually come from almost all parts of the city irrespective of the relationship the customers have with the branches through out the city, making the task even more difficult the drop boxes throughout the city have not been strategically been placed there various locations that do not have the drop boxes but there is high number of foot fall from the area. Also this lead to the understanding that the policy to install drop boxes in areas is very faulty and the corporate office must look into the matter. For awareness of the service I gave awareness strategies, Promotional strategies, Pamphlet to educate customers regarding the service, places where the drop boxes should be placed, and some suggestions to overcome the problem.

For Corporate Boxes the task was straight forward but tricky to handle, A list of organizations that had salary account relationship with the Connaught Place branch was given, The idea was to visit the organizations meet the person concerned and explain to him in the most professional manner the function of the Corporate box and its advantage to the employees, get a set of documents signed that had details regarding the service and a letter that indicates that the organization is willing to accept the Corporate box, and then finally spend time with each employee of the organization for educating g them regarding the service and then enrolling them for the same. I was able to convince 5 organizations to install a corporate box and give leads of concerned person of 3 organizations however they required a senior person visiting them, and was unable to appointment with 2 organizations from a list of 10 organizations that I had to cover.


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PPT on Forex Management

Here is a nice ppt on forex management.

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Service Sector Marketing Project Report

Banks are the most significant players in the Indian financial market. They are the biggest purveyors of credit, and they also attract most of the savings from the population. Dominated by public sector, the banking industry has so far acted as an efficient partner in the growth and the development of the country. Driven by the socialist ideologies and the welfare state concept, public sector banks have long been the supporters of agriculture and other priority sectors. They act as crucial channels of the government in its efforts to ensure equitable economic development.

The Indian banking can be broadly categorized into nationalized (government owned), private banks and specialized banking institutions. The Reserve Bank of India acts a centralized body monitoring any discrepancies and shortcoming in the system. Since the nationalization of banks in 1969, the public sector banks or the nationalized banks have acquired a place of prominence and has since then seen tremendous progress. The need to become highly customer focused has forced the slow-moving public sector banks to adopt a fast track approach. The unleashing of products and services through the net has galvanized players at all levels of the banking and financial institutions market grid to look anew at their existing portfolio offering. Conservative banking practices allowed Indian banks to be insulated partially from the Asian currency crisis. Indian banks are now quoting al higher valuation when compared to banks in other Asian countries (viz. Hong Kong, Singapore, Philippines etc.) that have major problems linked to huge Non Performing Assets (NPAs) and payment defaults. Co-operative banks are nimble footed in approach and armed with efficient branch networks focus primarily on the ‘high revenue’ niche retail segments.

The Indian banking has finally worked up to the competitive dynamics of the ‘new’ Indian market and is addressing the relevant issues to take on the multifarious challenges of globalization. Banks that employ IT solutions are perceived to be ‘futuristic’ and proactive players capable of meeting the multifarious requirements of the large customer’s base. Private Banks have been fast on the uptake and are reorienting their strategies using the internet as a medium The Internet has emerged as the new and challenging frontier of marketing with the conventional physical world tenets being just as applicable like in any other marketing medium.

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Investors attitude towards Mututal Funds Project Report

Mutual funds are seemingly the easiest and the least stressful way to invest in the stock market. Quiet a large amount of money has been invested in mutual funds during the past few years. Any investor would like to invest in a reputed Mutual Fund organization. UTI is one such organization that provides a better overview of the Mutual Fund industry. Understanding the attitude of investors on their investment would help the company to increase their profits. In UTI they believe that the investors attitude would result in profits.

The research was done on the topic “Investors Attitude towards UTI Mutual Funds”. The study aims at analysing the attitude of the investors towards UTI Mutual Funds. The data was collected with the help of a questionnaire. The sample size considered for the study was 100 wherein all the samples were investors of UTI Mutual Funds in Coonoor.

The tools used for the analysis include Percentage Analysis and Mean Score Values. The analysis was divided into 2 phases which are Personal Factors and Investment Factors. The study revealed that the investors have a positive attitude towards their investments in UTI Mutual Funds. The investors mainly look into the returns earned from the investment. It was found that the awareness towards the risk related to the investment was relatively low. Based on the analysis Suggestions for improvement are provided.

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Investment in Equities Project Report

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
The stock market has always been epicenter for common man. It was belief amongst the middle class, that it is a playground where only rich played, where big money made bigger money. The new entrants were often mercilessly whipped and lost their life savings. Often swearing never to look at the stock market. Therefore middle & lower classes preferred to stay away from equity because they could not afford to lose such huge amount at a single stretch.

This project is dedicated to common man, who fascinated by stock market but prefers to stay away. It is just because of lack of knowledge. This will serve the purpose of middle & lower class people who are looking for new avenues for investment. It may very well serve the purpose of being a text on the introduction to investing in equity. It also gives step-by-step knowledge about stock market, trading mechanism & risk factor involved in most logical manner. So, that one can study itself by using this knowledge & invest his/her money in equity and earn handsome return.

The first section of the project conveys about investments and different investment opportunities available for investment. It also gives merits & demerits of available investment opportunities. After that it explain the concept of equity, how one can invest in equity, different types of market & also explain in detail how the trade procedure actually goes in stock market.
After that in section 3 it tells about regulatory framework. That is regulatory bodies which controls stock market i.e. SEBI. It also covers NSE, BSE working mechanism. There is case analysis of TCS (tata consultancy services) to show how the price of shares of company is raising. Finally it also provide guideline for investor i.e. Do’s & Don’ts for investor, risk factor involve in stock market & what precaution should be taken while dealing in market.

OBJECTIVES
• To give idea to retail investor about the concept of fundamental analysis of shares – the safest approach for investing in stock market.
• To inform about the pros & cons of investing in shares.
• Through the project create awareness among the retail investor about equity and attracts them to invest in shares.

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Ratio Analysis Project Report

The research methodology used here is:
• Defining the objective
• Developing the information and resources
• Collecting the information
• Analysis of collected information
• Findings
The tool used in this study is Ratio analysis. It is a quantitative investment technique used for comparing a company's financial performance to the market in general. A change in these ratios helps to bring about a change in the way a company works. It helps to identify areas where the management needs to change. This is the most prevalent method of analyzing a balance sheet is through ratio analysis. The ratio analysis can be for a single year or it may extend to more than one year. The ratios can also be compared with similar ratios of others concerns to make a comparative study.

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Financial Analysis of Sail Project Report

Trade Credit Arises When a Firm Sells its products or services on credit and does not receive the cash immediately. It is an essential marketing tool, acting as a bridge for the movement of goods through production and distribution stages to customers. A firm grants trade to protect its sales from the competitors and to attack the potential customers to buy its products at favorable terms. Trade credit creates accounts receivable or trade debtors. The customers from whom receivable or trade debtors. The customers from whom receivable or book debits have to be collected in future are called trade debtors or simply as debtors, who constitute a substantial portion of current assets of several firms. A credit sale has three characteristics, it involves element of Risk Economic value Futurity.

A firm's investment in accounts receivables depends on
(a) Volume of credit sales, and
(b) The collection period
In order to have the receivables in effective manner the firm should have an effective credit policy.

The term credit policy refers to combination of three decision variables, credit standards, credit terms and collection efforts. In practice the Indian companies grant credit for several other reasons such as the company position, buyer's status and requirement dealer relationship, transit delays, industrial practices, transit delays etc.

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Questionnaire on Investment Pattern

Q1) Which age group do you belong?
a)18 - 30 b)30 - 45 c)45 - 55 d)55 & above

Q2) what is your occupation?
a)government service b)private services c)business d)others

Q3) Are you an income tax payee?
a)yes b)no

Q4) How much is your yearly income?
a) below 1lakh b) 1-3lakhs c) 3-5lakhs d) 5lakhs & above

Q5) Where do you generally prefer to invest in?
a)PPF b)fixed deposit c)mutual funds d)real estate e)gold ETF f)LIC

Q6) How much % of your income you invest yearly?
a)0-20% b)20-35% c)35-50% d)50% & above

Q7) Which of the following planning policies you own?
a)child planning b)education planning c)retirement planning d)tax planning

Q8) Have you taken any loan and if yes then for what purpose ?
a)yes b)no

If yes then tick one or more applicable-
a)housing loan b)vehicle loans c)education loan d)business loan e)marriage loan

Q9) For how much period you would prefer to invest?
a)short term (0-5yrs) b)long term (5 & above)

Q10) What is the purpose behind investment?
a)returns b)liquidity c)wealth d)tax savings

Analysis of Power Sector in India Project Report

INTRODUCTION
Power is an essential requirement for all facets of our life and has been recognized as a basic human need. It is the critical infrastructure on which the socio-economic development of the country depends. The growth of the economy and its global competitiveness hinges on the availability of reliable and quality power at competitive rates. The demand of power in India is enormous and is growing steadily. The vast Indian power market, today offers one of the highest growth opportunities for private developers.
India is endowed with a wealth of rich natural resources and sources of energy. Resources for power generation are unevenly dispersed across the country. This can be appropriately and optimally utilized to make available reliable supply of electricity to each and every household. Electricity is considered key driver for targeted 8 to 10% economic growth of India. Electricity supply at globally competitive rates would also make economic activity in the country competitive in the globalized environment.

As per the Indian Constitution, the power sector is a concurrent subject and is the joint responsibility of the State and Central Governments. The power sector in India is dominated by the government. The State and Central Government sectors account for 58% and 32% of the generation capacity respectively while the private sector accounts for about 10%. The bulk of the transmission and distribution functions are with State utilities. The private sector has a small but growing presence in distribution and is making an entry into transmission. Power Sector which had been funded mainly through budgetary support and external borrowings was opened to private sector in 1991.

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Performance of Indian Mutual Fund Industry Project Report

Introduction
The most important factor shaping in today's global economy is the process of globalization. Indian companies are moving in search of low-cast markets, technology is driving growth in production and competition is becoming more intense. A second factor is the fastest growth in private capital flows, mainly short-term flows by banks and financial institutions, portfolio flows by mutual funds and pension funds and foreign direct investment into India. A third factor is the increasing share of India and other emerging market economies in world trade.
The outburst in communication technology has led to greater integration of Indian financial markets across the world. The impact of these changes could be felt from the extremely buoyant activity in Indian stock markets. A number of foreign financial service providers have entered into the Indian financial market like Morgan Stanley, Templeton, and Goldman Sachs. Currently FII investment is at $ 6.5 Billion compared to $ 2 Billion in 2001. The stock market is booming with Sensex hovering around 16000-17000. SEBI has put in place appropriate guidelines and controls to regulate the markets in tune with the changing environment and attendant risks. All this is happening because of large amounts of investment in the country.

People often invest in various asset classes to:
* To beat Inflation
* To fund future needs
* To meet contingencies
* To maintain same standard of living after retirement
All these factors matters a lot to the investors and the mutual fund route is one way through which people can meet these needs.

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Capital Budgeting

Contents
• Capital budgets as opposed to revenue budgets
• Different kinds of capital budgets – non-productive assets, improving operating efficiency and capital projects
• Choosing capital projects – Conventional and Discounted Cash Flow techniques
• Payback period, Discounted payback period, Net Present Value, Internal Rate of Return, Profitability Index methods
• Assumptions underlying different methods
• Introduction to IRR vs. NPV
• Incremental cash flow principle for evaluation of replacement decisions
• Numerical exercises on incremental cash flows, NPV, IRR, Discounted payback period and Profitability Index

At the end of the chapter the student will be able to:
• Apply incremental cash flow principle to a replacement decision
• Apply conventional as well as DCF techniques to capital investment decisions
• Determine NPV for a given project and fix the range of rates between which IRR for a given set of projections would lie
• Understand how IRR readily offers itself for fixing Equated installments on a loan at a given rate of interest, duration and periodicity like monthly or quarterly

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Dividend policy

Contents
• Need for dividend policy – balance between dividend payment and retention for growth
• Different kinds of dividend policies – factors influencing dividend policy
• Indian companies declaring dividend – need for cash retention for growth and effective tax rate influencing dividend policy
• Theories on dividend policy
• Determining growth rate based on return on equity
• Equity valuation based on dividend declared and growth rate
• Numerical exercises on equity valuation based on dividend amount and growth rate

At the end of the chapter the student will be able to:
• Calculate the cost of equity through dividend capitalization model
• Determine the value of equity through the same model and
• Find out the growth rate given the return on equity and proportion of retained earnings

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Capital structure and cost of capital

Contents
• Need for capital structure
• Components of a capital structure – exclusion of current liabilities and reasons thereof
• Factors influencing capital structure
• Optimal mix of debt and equity – practical discussion
• Costs associated with different components of capital structure – prime costs and additional costs
• Weighted average cost of capital (WACC) of a given capital structure
• Numerical exercises in WACC

At the end of the chapter the student will be able to:
• Construct a capital structure for a given debt to equity ratio
• Select the various components of a capital structure with the objective of keeping the cost of capital at an optimum level and getting the required funds in time
• Map the various factors influencing selection of capital structure
• Calculate the prime and additional costs of different components of capital structure
• Calculate the WACC of a given capital structure

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Financial statements analysis

Contents
=> Introduction to financial statements and their differing objectives
=> Schedule VI of The Companies’ Act format for Balance Sheet and Profit and Loss statements
=> Limitations on Schedule VI balance sheet format and need for regrouping in the “Analytical” form of balance sheet to overcome these limitations
=> Financial ratios and their usefulness
=> Inter-firm and intra-firm analysis
=> Limitations to financial statement analysis and study of financial ratios
=> Funds flow statement and its construction from balance sheet as on two successive annual dates with additional information
=> Numerical exercises on:
Financial statement analysis and calculation of ratios
Interpretation of these ratios
Funds flow statement preparation

At the end of the chapter the student will be able to
=> Regroup the assets and liabilities in the “Analytical form” of balance sheet
=> Calculate the financial ratios relating both to Profit and Loss and Balance Sheet
=> Interpret the financial ratios for their impact on business enterprise
=> Appreciate the limitations to the study of financial statements and ratios
=> Prepare funds flow statement given two successive dates balance sheets

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Working Capital Management

Contents
• Gross and net working capital
• Components of working capital
• Objectives of working capital management
• Operating cycle and turn over
• Factors influencing working capital including working capital policy of the business enterprise
• Estimation of working capital and sources of working capital
• Brief visit to recommendations of various committees affecting working capital resources from banks
• Cash management
• Inventory management
• Receivables management
• Numerical exercises on:
Estimation of working capital
Cash flow statements
EOQ model and
Receivables management

At the end of the chapter the student will be able to:
• Calculate operating cycle in days and value
• Estimate the different components of current assets and arrive at required working capital assistance from external sources
• Prepare cash flow statement after understanding the difference between cash budgeting and cash flow statement
• Apply Inventory control techniques like EOQ, ABC analysis, movement analysis to materials
• Appreciate that control of work in process is a technical subject and control of finished goods is a factor of stocking policy and the nature of industry
• Calculate the inventory carrying costs and receivable carrying costs and
• Map the process of bills discounted with banks and compare bills discounted with factoring of receivables

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Operating and Financial Leverages

Contents
• Introduction to concept of leverage
• Operating leverage, its usefulness as a tool in decision making on scale of operations
• Financial leverage – advantage of debt in preference to equity, its usefulness to increase Earning Per Share (EPS) for shareholder
• Total leverage – combination of operating and financial leverages
• Attendant risks in increasing leverage, both operating and financial
• Numerical exercises in operating, financial and total leverages

At the end of the chapter the student will be able to
• Measure operating leverage at any given level of output, the output being production or sales and determine the impact on EBIT
• Measure financial leverage at any given level of EBIT and determine the impact on EPS
• Measure total leverage at any given level of output and determine the impact on EPS for any given level of output
• Use both the leverages as tools in financial decision relating to scale of production/output as well as how much to borrow in a given capital structure

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Financial Resources-Short-term and Long-term

Contents
• Difference between short-term and medium-term/long-term in terms of duration
• Differences in objectives of short-term and longer duration resources
• Financial instruments – concept of securities issued by limited companies for raising resources
• Short-term resources
• Medium and long-term resources
• Characteristic features of these resources
• New instruments introduced in India

At the end of the chapter the student will be able to
• Choose between short-term and long-term source depending upon the objective
• Determine the best-suited resource among the various short-term and long-term resources
• Apply the characteristic features of new instruments and incorporate them in a given business depending upon their characteristic features and advantages

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Risk and Return

Contents
=> Risk and return go together
=> Probability distribution of all possible outcomes in terms of return
=> Measuring risk so as to expect adequate return – Weighted average return, Standard deviation and the Co-efficient of variation
=> Risk in a portfolio context – introduction to a portfolio of securities
=> Types of risk associated with investment in a portfolio – systemic and non-systemic
=> Concept of Beta and Capital Asset Pricing Model
=> Volatility and Risk
=> Some concerns about Beta and the CAPM
=> Numerical exercises in risk and return

At the end of the chapter the student will be able to
=> Determine standard deviation and co-efficient of variation for a set of returns
=> Measure degree of risk associated with an investment through volatility in returns over a period of time of a chosen investment
=> Determine the diversifiable and non-diversifiable risks in the context of “portfolio”
=> Apply Capital Asset Pricing Model and find out the cost of equity in a chosen stock through “Beta”

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Time Value of Money

Contents
• Introduction to the concept of “inflation” – Wholesale Price Index and Consumer Price Index
• Money losing value due to reduction in purchasing power
• Concept of interest as compensation in purchasing power of money
• Four tier structure for rates of interest in any economy
• Compounding and discounting processes
• Application of time value of money to business decisions
• Numerical exercises for practice

At the end of the chapter the student will be able to
• Determine - Future value of a present sum by compounding
• Determine - Present value of a future sum by discounting
• Determine - Present value of a bond investment
• Explain - the different tiers of interest structure in an economy
• Choose – the best project based on its “Net Present Value”

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Introduction to Financial Management

Contents

• Finance function as different from Accounts function

• Objectives of Financial Management – short-term and long-term

• Financial system and markets in India – Government of India, Ministry of Finance at the helm, statutes, statutory authorities, financial intermediaries, other financial institutions, agents who operate in the markets etc.

• Brief introduction to “Financial Instruments”

At the end of the chapter the student will be able to
Map the differences between Finance and Accounts functions in an organisation and explain the integration of these functions
Link the short-term and long-term objectives of Financial Management to profitability and wealth maximization respectively
Draw the Financial system in India and
Differentiate one financial instrument from another

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