Subprime lending (near-prime, non-prime, or second chance lending) is a financial term that was popularized by the media during the "credit crunch" of 2007 and involves financial institutions providing credit to borrowers who do not meet prime underwriting guidelines. Subprime borrowers have a heightened perceived risk of default, such as those who have a history of loan delinquency or default, those with a recorded bankruptcy, or those with limited debt experience.
Although there is no standardized definition, in the US subprime loans are usually classified as those where the borrower has a FICO score below 680. Subprime lending encompasses a variety of credit types, including mortgages, auto loans, and credit cards.
Subprime could also refer to a security for which a return above the "prime" rate is adhered, also known as C-paper. The term subprime often correlates with non-conforming loans, or those that do not meet Fannie Mae or Freddie Mac guidelines. Those guidelines may be the size of the loan, a high debt-to-income ratio or lack of income documentation provided.
The Wall Street Journal reported in 2006 that 61 percent of all borrowers receiving subprime loans had credit scores high enough to qualify for prime conventional loans.
Proponents of subprime lending maintain that the practice extends credit to people who would otherwise not have access to the credit market.
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY:
In 1997, Kyoto Protocol, a voluntary treaty was signed by 141 countries to reduce the emissions of Global House Gases by 5.2% below 1990 levels by 2012. Certified Emissions Reductions (CER) or Carbon credits are certificates issued certifying reduction in emissions. The developing countries have been exempted from any such restrictions. These certificates can be traded in the market and purchased by firms which find purchasing emission credits to offset its emissions lower in cost. Thus an opportunity has emerged for firms in developing countries like India, Brazil and China to boost their earnings by complying with norms. However not all projects are eligible for registration under the Clean Development Mechanism under the Kyoto Protocol. As a result a large number of advisory firms have spawned. In addition an entire market has been developed around the same. The key participants apart from
the project developers are, including not limited to, verification, certification and financing institutions.
In India this opportunity has manifold implications affecting not only industry but also government, financial institutions and civil society at large. Most importantly this has opened up a new source of cash flow in project financing making unviable projects viable by exceeding the hurdle rate for investment returns. Industry will need to adapt to the changing opportunity that it
brings along i.e. higher return on investments along with risks that are inherent in carbon credit project financing. In my opinion, it will be realistic on part of firms to consider this mode of cash flows in project financing. Further this provides a strategic role for the countries to benefit from the cash flows that can be invested in cleaner technologies for sustainable development.
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EQUITY MARKET
In financial markets, stock is the capital raised by a corporation through the issuance and distribution of shares. A person or organization which holds shares of stocks is called a shareholder. The aggregate value of a corporation's issued shares is its market capitalization. When one buys a share of a company he becomes a shareholder in that company. Shares are also known as Equities. Equities have the potential to increase in value over time. It also provides the portfolio with the growth necessary to reach the long-term investment goals. Research studies have proved that the equities have out performed than most other forms of investments in the long term. Equities are considered the most challenging and the rewarding, when compared to other investment options.
Research studies have proved that investments in some shares with a longer tenure of investment have yielded far superior returns than any other investment. However, this does not mean all equity investments would guarantee similar high returns. Equities are high-risk investments. One needs to study them carefully before investing. Since 1990 till date, Indian stock market has returned about 17% to investors on an average in terms of increase in share prices or capital appreciation annually. Besides that on average stocks have paid 1.5 % dividend annually. Dividend is a percentage of the face value of a share that a company returns to its shareholders from its annual profits. Compared to most other forms of investments, investing in equity shares offers the highest rate of return, if invested over a longer duration.
The first company to issue shares of stock was the Dutch East India Company, in 1602. The innovation of joint ownership made a great deal of Europe's economic growth possible following the Middle Ages. The technique of pooling capital to finance the building of ships, for example, made the Netherlands a maritime superpower.
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