Credit Appraisal Process in SME Sector of State Bank of India (SBI) Project Report

Credit Appraisal Process inSME Sector of State Bank of India (SBI) Project Report

Reforms in the banking sector:
The first phase of financial reforms resulted in the nationalization of 14 major banks in 1969 and resulted in a shift from Class banking to Mass banking. This in turn resulted in a significant growth in the geographical coverage of banks. Every bank has to earmark a minimum percentage of their loan portfolio to sectors identified as “priority sectors”. The manufacturing sector also grew during the 1970s in protected environs and the banking sector was a critical source. The next wave of reforms saw the nationalization of 6 more commercial banks in 1980. Since then the number scheduled commercial banks increased four-fold and the number of banks branches increased eight-fold.

After the second phase of financial sector reforms and liberalization of the sector in the early nineties, the Public Sector Banks (PSB) s found it extremely difficult to complete with the new private sector banks and the foreign banks. The new private sector banks first made their appearance after the guidelines permitting them were issued in January 1993. Eight new private sector banks are presently in operation. This banks due to their late start have access to state-of-the-art technology, which in turn helps them to save on manpower costs and provide better services.

During the year 2000, the State Bank of India (SBI) and its 7 associates accounted for a 25% share in deposits and 28.1% share in credit. The 20 nationalized banks accounted for 53.5% of the deposits and 47.5% of credit during the same period. The share of foreign banks ( numbering 42 ), regional rural banks and other scheduled commercial banks accounted for 5.7%, 3.9% and 12.2% respectively in deposits and 8.41%, 3.14% and 12.85% respectively in credit during the year 2000.

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Introduction to Credit Appraisal:
Credit appraisal means an investigation/assessment done by the bank prior before providing any loans & advances/project finance & also checks the commercial, financial & technical viability of the project proposed its funding pattern & further checks the primary & collateral security cover available for recovery of such funds.

Problem Statement:
=> To study the Credit Appraisal System in SME sector, at State Bank of India (SBI), Uttarsanda.

Objectives:
=> To study the Credit Appraisal Methods.
=> To understand the commercial, financial & technical viability of the project proposed & it’s funding pattern.
=> To understand the pattern for primary & collateral security cover available for recovery of such funds.
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Credit Appraisal Process at AXIS Bank Project Report

Project Report on Axis Bank
A snapshot of the banking industry
The Reserve Bank of India (RBI), as the central bank of the country, closely monitors developments in the whole financial sector.

The banking sector is dominated by Scheduled Commercial Banks (SBCs). As at end March 2002, there were 296 Commercial banks operating in India. This included 27 Public Sector Banks (PSBs), 31 Private, 42 Foreign and 196 Regional Rural Banks. Also, there were 67 scheduled co-operative banks consisting of 51 scheduled urban cooperative banks and 16 scheduled state co-operative banks.

Scheduled commercial banks touched, on the deposit front, a growth of 14% as against 18% registered in the previous year. And on advances, the growth was 14.5% against 17.3% of the earlier year.
State Bank of India is still the largest bank in India with the market share of 20% ICICI and its two subsidiaries merged with ICICI Bank, leading creating the second largest bank in India with a balance sheet size of Rs. 1040bn.
Higher provisioning norms, tighter asset classification norms, dispensing with the concept of ‘past due’ for recognition of NPAs, lowering of ceiling on exposure to a single borrower and group exposure etc., are among the measures in order to improve the banking sector.
A minimum stipulated Capital Adequacy Ratio (CAR) was introduced to strengthen the ability of banks to absorb losses and the ratio has subsequently been raised from 8% to 9%. It is proposed to hike the CAR to 12% by 2004 based on the Basle Committee recommendations.

Retail Banking is the new mantra in the banking sector. The home Loans alone account
for nearly two-third of the total retail portfolio of the bank. According to one estimate, the retail segment is expected to grow at 30-40% in the coming years.
Net banking, phone banking, mobile banking, ATMs and bill payments are the new buzz words that banks are using to lure customers.

With a view to provide an institutional mechanism for sharing of information on borrowers / potential borrowers by banks and Financial Institutions, the Credit Information Bureau (India) Ltd. (CIBIL) was set up in August 2000. The Bureau provides a framework for collecting, processing and sharing credit information on borrowers of credit institutions. SBI and HDFC are the promoters of the CIBIL.

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Comparative Analysis of NPA of Public Sector Banks,Private Sector Banks & Foreign Banks

Comparative Analysis of NPA of Public Sector Banks,Private Sector Banks & Foreign Banks Project Report
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Introduction
The banking industry has undergone a sea change after the first phase of economic
liberalization in 1991 and hence credit management. While the primary function of banks is to lend funds as loans to various sectors such as agriculture, industry, personal loans, housing loans etc., in recent times the banks have become very cautious in extending loans. The reason being mounting non-performing assets (NPAs). An NPA is defined as a loan asset, which has ceased to generate any income for a bank whether in the form of interest or principal repayment. As per the prudential norms suggested by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI), a bank cannot book interest on an NPA on accrual basis. In other words, such interests can be booked only when it has been actually received.
Therefore, an NPA account not only reduces profitability of banks by provisioning in the profit and loss account, but their carrying cost is also increased which results in excess & avoidable management attention. Apart from this, a high level of NPA also puts strain on a banks net worth because banks are under pressure to maintain a desired level of Capital Adequacy and in the absence of comfortable profit level, banks eventually look towards their internal financial strength to fulfill the norms thereby slowly eroding the net worth.

Research Design
The research design that will be use is Descriptive Research.
=> Involves gathering data that describe events and then organizes, tabulates, depicts, and describes the data.
=> Uses description as a tool to organize data into patterns that emerge during analysis.
=> Often uses visual aids such as graphs and charts to aid the reader.
=> Using of hypothesis testing.

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Commodity Futures - Investors Perception Project Report

INTRODUCTION TO DERIVATIVES INDUSTRY
Derivatives
A derivative is a security or contract designed in such a way that its price is derived from the price of an underlying asset. For instance, the price of a gold futures contract for October maturity is derived from the price of gold. Changes in the price of the underlying asset affect the price of the derivative security in a predictable way.

Evolution of derivatives
In the 17th century, in Japan, the rice was been grown abundantly; later the trade in rice grew and evolved to the stage where receipts for future delivery were traded with a high degree of standardization. This led to forward trading.

In 1730, the market received official recognition from the “Tokugawa Shogunate” (the ruling clan of shoguns or feudal lords). The Dojima rice market can thus be regarded as the first futures market, in the sense of an organized exchange withstandardized trading terms.

The first futures markets in the Western hemisphere were developed in the United States in Chicago. These markets had started as spot markets and gradually evolved into futures trading. This evolution occurred in stages. The first stage was the starting of agreements to buy grain in the future at a pre-determined price with the intension of actual delivery. Gradually these contracts became transferable and over a period of time, particularly delivery of the physical produce. Traders found that the agreements were easier to buy and sell if they were standardized in terms of quality of grain, market lot and place of delivery. This is how modern futures contracts first came into being. The Chicago Board of Trade (CBOT) which opened in 1848 is, to this day the largest futures market in the world.

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Currency Derivative Business Perspective Project Report

WHAT IS FOREX MARKET?
The international currency market Forex is a special kind of the world financial market. Trader’s purpose on the Forex is to get profit as the result of foreign currencies purchase and sale. The exchange rates of all currencies being in the market turnover are permanently changing under the action of the demand and supply alteration. The latter is a strong subject to the influence of any important for the human society event in the sphere of economy, politics and nature. Consequently current prices of foreign currencies, evaluated for instance in US dollars, fluctuate towards its higher and lower meanings.

Using these fluctuations in accordance with a known principle “buy cheaper – sell higher” traders obtain gains. Forex is different in compare to all other sectors of the world financial system thanks to his heightened sensibility to a large and continuously changing number of factors, accessibility to all individual and corporative traders, exclusively high trade turnover which creates an ensured liquidity of traded currencies and the round – the clock business hours which enable traders to deal after normal hours or during national holidays in their country finding markets abroad open. Just as on any other market the trading on Forex, along with an exclusively high potential profitability, is essentially risk - bearing one. It is possible to gain a success on it only after a certain training including a familiarization with the structure and kinds of Forex, the principles of currencies price formation, the factors affecting prices alterations and trading risks levels, sources of the information necessary to account all those factors, techniques of the analysis and prediction of the market movements as well as with the trading tools and rules.

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Equity Valuation of Public Sector Enterprises of Nifty 50 Project Report

OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY:
Primary:
To do fundamental analysis and calculate intrinsic value of Public Sector Enterprises which are represented in NIFTY 50. Here PSEs is considered to be that companies where Government of India is having more than 50% stake and no other government is taken into consideration.

Secondary:
1. Analyzing historical performance.
2. Estimating growth prospect of various companies.
3. Understanding Discounted Cash Flow model and its usage.
4. To learn about linkages between share values, earnings, and expected return on capital.

SCOPE:
The analysis is based on main activities i.e. operating activities of the company and other activities are ignored. Assumptions are based on recent annual reports, past performance, current trends in that sector and statistics of RBI. We have considered only PSEs that are represented in NIFTY 50 and our assumptions are limited to those companies only and not all PSEs or any other companies.

RESEARCH DESIGN:
Research design selected for this project is descriptive.

DATA COLLECTION METHOD:
Data for our objective was collected through companies’ website i.e. secondary data and various other websites to know the current scenario.

TARGET:
Public Sector Enterprises of India representing in NIFTY 50. Here PSEs is those companies where Government of India is having more than 50% stake and not any other government.

SAMPLING TECHNIQUE:
Convenience sampling.

SAMPLE SIZE:
6 companies (basically there are 7 companies but we have ignored PowerGrid from our estimation because just two years have passed for the company going public so it is difficult to estimate and make assumptions based on it).

BENEFICIARY:
1. Investors in stock market.
2. Students pursuing professional courses like MBA, CFA, CFM and likewise.
3. Financial Institutions and Mutual Funds.
4. Ministry of Finance for disinvestment policy.

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Contemporary Issues in Banking Sectors

The main object of the project was to learn about the contemporary issues in banking sector such as Bank@Home, Retail business development, Money laundering, Cheque truncation and equator principle.

In order to understand and analyze the feasibility and response of BANK@HOME service, we focus on the walk inns at the branch that already are customers of the bank and meet them while they were in queue waiting for their turn through informal communication. Obtained information revealed that many of the existing customers who live even far off from the branch have high frequency of visits to the branch. The Bank will have to promote the service in order to reach out to the customers and make its presence felt. Observation also indicated that the foot falls at the branch actually come from various parts of the city irrespective of the relationship the customers have with the branches through out the city, which will make the task even more difficult to put up drop boxes throughout the city strategically For awareness of the service we gave awareness strategies, Promotional strategies, Pamphlet to educate customers Regarding the service, places where the drop boxes should be placed, and some suggestions to overcome the problem which may arise.

Retail business development Model that is basically a new dimension of selling product to customers for nationalized banks, , in order to grow in the present scenario banks have to make sure that they attract new clients not only by providing them new service but also by making them aware and wining their trust. Rbd helps banks in achieving their goals. we have made the attempt that how rbd can become revenue generation model for the bank.

Money Laundering refers to the conversion or "Laundering" of money which is illegally obtained, so as to make it appear to originate from a legitimate source. Here we have studied the role of banks in money laundering concept.

Truncation is the process of stopping the flow of the physical cheque issued by drawers the drawee branch. The physical instrument will be truncated at some point en-route to the drawee branch and an electronic image of the cheque would be sent to the drawee branch along with the relevant information like the MICR fields, date of presentation, presenting banks etc. Here we have studied how this concept will be helpful to banks as well as customers.

Equator Principles are voluntary set of guidelines developed for managing social and environmental issues related to the financing development projects. Banks adopting the Equator Principles undertake to provide loans only to projects whose sponsors can demonstrate their ability and willingness to comply with comprehensive processes aimed at ensuring that projects are developed in a socially responsible manner and according to sound environmental management practices. Here the purpose of study is to understand the role of banks in equator principles.

Impact on Shareholders Wealth in M&A Episode Project Report

The Indian economy has undergone a major transformation and structural change
during the past decade or so as a result of economic reforms introduced by the
Government of India since 1991 in the wake of policy of economic liberalization and
globalization. In this liberalized era, size and "core competence" have become the
focus of every business enterprise. Naturally, this requires companies to grow and
expand in businesses that they understand well. Thus, leading corporate houses have
undertaken a massive restructuring exercise to create a formidable presence in their core areas of interest. Mergers and acquisitions (M&As) is one of the most effective methods of corporate restructuring and has, therefore, become an integral part of the long-term business strategy of corporate.

The M&A activity has its impact on various diverse groups such as corporate
management, shareholders and investors, investment bankers, regulators, stock
markets, customers, government and taxation authorities, and society at large.
Therefore, it is not surprising that it has received considerable attention at the hands of researchers world over. A number of studies have been carried out abroad
especially in the developed capital markets of Europe, Australia, Hong Kong, and US.

These studies have largely focused on different aspects, viz., (a) the rationale of
M&As, (b) allocational and redistribution role of M&As, (c) effect of takeovers on
shareholders' wealth, (d) corporate financial performance, etc. Some studies have
also been carried out to predict corporate takeovers using financial ratios. M&As,
being a new phenomenon in India, has not received much attention of researchers.
In fact, no comprehensive study has been undertaken to examine various aspects
especially after the Takeover Code came into being in1997. This study has been
undertaken to fill this gap.

Until upto a couple of yea Indian companies having acquired American-European entities was very rare. However, this scenario has taken a sudden U turn. Nowadays, news of Indian Companies acquiring foreign businesses are more common than other way round.

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Study of Housing Finance Sector Project Report

Housing Finance sector in India
Industry Classification
Life cycle position
Housing finance as a financial service is relatively young in India. The growth in housing and housing finance activities in recent years reflect the buoyant state of the housing finance market in India. The real estate sector is the second largest employment generator in the country.

In 1970, the state set up the Housing and Urban Development Corporation (HUDCO) to finance housing and urban infrastructure activities, in 1977, the Housing Development Finance Corporation (HDFC) was the first housing finance company in the private sector to be set up in India.

Currently there are 29 HFCs approved for refinance assistance from NHB.
The following types of home loans are generally available in the market:
Home Equity Loans: A form of finance to the customer by way of mortgage of existing property to the financier for taking a loan for some other purpose. The current market value of the property is the basis for providing home equity loans.
Home Extension Loans: The purpose of this loan is the extension of existing houses tike the addition of rooms, toilet facilities etc. Such loans fall under the category of home loans.

Home Improvement Loans: These loans are provided mainly for repairs and maintenance of existing houses- These could include internal and external repairing, waterproofing and roofing, complete interior renovation, tiling and flooring etc.

Home Purchase Loans: Finance provided for the purchase of ready-made houses.

Land Purchase Loans: These loans are being provided for the purchase of land for the purpose of construction of residential houses.Private housing finance sector is also doing very well in catering the need for housing finance. Dewan Housing Finance Corporation Ltd. is one of the best options in private housing finance sector. Having 22 branches all over the country and dealing in the market for more then 15 years, the group is well established in the market. Rural housing finance is one of the best schemes in India offered by Dewan Housing. With most competitive interest rates in private sector housing finance market, and personalized finance is made available to informal sectors besides formal sector like service class.

HUDCO is a powerful government organization. Financing state government for infrastructural development is the main aim. But ever since it has entered individual housing finance sector, the entire scenario has changed. The main war of interest rates has actually begun when HUDCO has started giving housing finance for 11.5 % and after deductions the interest rates comes to 8.81%.
After NHB, many housing finance companies looked at HUDCO for refinancing their proposals.

Hometrust Ltd., a company by Gujarat Ambuja Group, Global Housing finance Ltd., a syndicate of reputed builders, Weizmann Homes Ltd., a company from Weizmann Finance Ltd., Maharishi Housing Finance Corporation Ltd., a company from Maharishi Group, are also catering to housing finance sector. SBI Home finance Ltd., a subsidiary of SBI, PNB Housing Finance Ltd., a subsidiary of PNB is also doing very good business. SBI Home Finance Ltd. is doing little bit slow for the time being but PNB Housing Finance Ltd. has recently opened its new branch near Shoppers Stop, Andheri. BOB Housing Finance Ltd., a subsidiary of Bank of Baroda also having very attractive housing finance schemes. Can Fin Homes, very aggressive subsidiary of Canara Bank in Southern India, is also doing very good job in Western parts of the country.
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Nifty Derivatives & Risk Minimization Trading Strategy Project Report

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
One of the interesting developments in financial markets over the last 15 to 20 years has been the growing popularity of derivatives or contingent claims. In many situations, both hedgers and speculators find it more attractive to trade a derivative on an asset than to trade the asset itself. Some derivatives are traded on exchanges. Others are made available to corporate clients by financial institutions or added to new issues of securities by underwriters.

In this report we have included history of Derivatives. Than we have included Derivatives Market in India. Than after we have included stock market Derivatives.

In this report we have taken a first look at forward, futures and options contracts. A forward or futures contract involves an obligation to buy or sell an asset at a certain time in the future for a certain price. There are two types of options: calls and puts. A call option gives the holder the right to buy an asset by a certain date for a certain price. In India the derivatives market has grown very rapidly. There are mainly three types of traders: hedgers, speculators and arbitrageurs.

In the next section, we have tried to determine the study of Nifty derivatives for the short term period using the two important indicators namely Open Interest & Put/Call Ratio. In which Put/Call Ratio analysis proves to be more effective indicators. Moreover in the analysis of Put/Call Ratio, Combination of Open Interest & Volume gives more accurate results.

In the last section, we have determined different trading strategies for different market views i.e. Bullish, Bearish, Range bound & Volatile. On the basis of investors’ perceptions they can use suited strategies which will minimize the loss. There are also some arbitrage strategies prevailing in the market like reversal, conversion etc. which give fix amount of profit irrespective of market movements but it is not readily available in the market but one has to grab such Opportunities.

Objectives
To determine the short term trend of nifty future using the important derivatives market indicators like Open interest and Put Call ratio.
To determine the derivatives trading strategy on the basis of different market outlooks which will minimize the risk exposure and at the same times will maximize the profits.

Scope of study
We have done the study of nifty futures only.
We have studied the short term trend of nifty futures for the month of Feb, 2010 only.

We have used two important indicators Open Interest and Put-Call Ratio only to determine the trend of Nifty.

Data collection sources
Primary –No
Secondary
• Various stock market web sites
• Magazines
• Capitaline Neo software
• Odin diet Software

Beneficiaries of study
• Derivative traders
• Hedge funds
• Institutional investors
• Arbitragers
• Hedger
• Speculators
• Jobbers
• Investors
• Student
• Share broker
• Broking houses
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Relationship Between Exchange Rate & Stock Indices Project Report

Literature Review
Apte (2001) investigated the relationship between the volatility of the stock market and the nominal exchange rate of India by using the EGARCH specifications on the daily closing USD/INR exchange rate, BSE 30 (Sensex) and NIFTY-50 over the period 1991 to 2000. The study suggests that there appears to be a spillover from the foreign exchange market to the stock market but not the reverse.
Bhattacharya and Mukharjee (2002) studied the nature of causal relation between the stock market, exchange rate, foreign exchange reserves and value of trade balance in India from 1990 to 2001 by applying the co-integration and long-run Granger Non-causality tests. The study suggests that there is no causal linkage between stock prices and the three variables under consideration.

To examine the dynamic linkages between the foreign exchange and stock markets for India, Nath and Samanta (2003) employed the Granger causality test on daily data during the period March 1993 to December 2002. The empirical findings of the study suggest that these two markets did not have any causal relationship. When the study extended its analysis to verify if liberalization in both the markets brought them together, it found no significant causal relationship between the exchange rate and stock price movements, except for the years 1993, 2001 and 2002 during when a unidirectional causal influence from stock index return to return in forex market is detected and a very mild causal influence in the reverse direction is found in some years such as 1997 and 2002.
Yamini Karmarkar and G Kawadia tried to investigate the relationship between RS/$ exchange rate and Indian stock markets. Five composite indices and five sectoral indices were studied over the period of one year: 2000. the results indicated that exchange rate has high correlation with the movement of stock markets.

Research Objectives
The present study is being contemplated with the following specific objectives:
i) Investigating the relationship between the foreign exchange market and stock market in India. To see that weather there is a significant relationship or dynamic linkage between the two markets.
ii) To find out which variable is leading and which variable is lagging. The lead-lag relationship illustrates how well the two markets are linked, and how fast one market reflects new information from the other. If relation between foreign exchange market and stock market exist, then it is possible that investor may use this information to predict the exchange rate movement or indices movement.

Hypothesis
H0: There is no significant relation between stock prices and exchange rates
H1: There is significant relation between stock prices and exchange rates

Research Design
The study type is Descriptive because this research helps to find out the meaning out of the secondary data, but not the cause-and-effect (causal) linkages among its different elements.

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Mergers & Acquisitions Tata Group Project Report

Objective of the study
• To compare the closing price of 5 companies before and after post acquisition
• To compare the key financial ratios of 5 companies before and after acquisition
• To do valuation of one or two companies with the method enterprise value and compare the value with peer group and analyze in detail
• To analyze detailed case study of 5 companies of Tata Group
• To analyze percentage cumulative abnormal return of one month both before acquisition and after acquisition.

Scope of the study
• To do a relative analysis between BSE Sensex and the share price of the TATA Group of companies
• Limited to 5 companies of TATA
• Limited to daily prices of stocks both before and after one month of acquisition

TATA GROUP OF COMPANIES
• One of the India’s largest business groups in the country
• It has about 96 operating companies
• Diverse business in 7 sectors
• Revenues equivalent to 5.3% of India’s GDP
• Group revenue FY 2008: Rs 251,543 Cr. / $ 62.5 b
• Group profit FY 2008: Rs 21,578 Cr. / $ 5.4 b
• Its 27 publicly listed companies have a combined market capitalization which is the 2nd highest among all business houses in India
• Largest employer in private sector over 300,000 employees
• A shareholder base of over 2.9 million
• Operations in over 80 countries
• Products and services exported to 85 countries

Tata is a rapidly growing business group based in India with significant international operations. Revenues in 2007-08 are estimated at $62.5 billion (around Rs251, 543 crore), of which 61 per cent is from business outside India. The group employs around 350,000 people worldwide. The Tata name has been respected in India for 140 years for its adherence to strong values and business ethics.
The business operations of the Tata group currently encompass seven business sectors: communications and information technology, engineering, materials, services, energy, consumer products and chemicals.

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Usage Patterns of Credit Cardholders

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Objectives of the Project
The primary objective of the report is categorized into following sub-topics:
1. To study the demographic factors of credit card holders.
2. To know the using purpose of credit card by the holders.
3. To assess the behavioural changes of credit card holders.
4. To examine the consumption pattern of credit card holders.
5. To find out the satisfaction level of existing credit card holders.
6. To suggest measures to improve the credit card system in India

Data sources
Primary sources
Primary data has been collected through the structured questionnaire consisting mainly of the closed ended questions.

Secondary sources
Secondary data has been collected from the internet, journals, reference books etc.

Scope of the study
All the questions have been analysed by adding up the responses against each alternative and answers from the various respondents. The collected data has been subject to statistical analysis to draw inferences and suitable conclusions. Statistical tools like chi-square and percentage are used. For calculating the table value for analysis with chi-square, 5% significance level is used.
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Corporate Dividend Policy Project Report

Introduction
Dividends are payments made by a corporation to its shareholder members. It is the portion of corporate profits paid out to stockholders. When a corporation earns a profit or surplus, that money can be put to two uses: it can either be re-invested in the business (called retained earnings), or it can be paid to the shareholders as a dividend. Many corporations retain a portion of their earnings and pay the remainder as a dividend.

For a joint stock company, a dividend is allocated as a fixed amount per share. Therefore, a shareholder receives a dividend in proportion to their shareholding. For the joint stock company, paying dividends is not an expense; rather, it is the division of an asset among shareholders. Public companies usually pay dividends on a fixed schedule, but may declare a dividend at any time, sometimes called a special dividend to distinguish it from a regular one.

Cooperatives, on the other hand, allocate dividends according to members' activity, so their dividends are often considered to be a pre-tax expense.
Dividends are usually settled on a cash basis, store credits (common among retail consumers' cooperatives) and shares in the company (either newly-created shares or existing shares bought in the market.) Further, many public companies offer dividend reinvestment plans, which automatically use the cash dividend to purchase additional shares for the shareholder.

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Comparative Analysis of Public & Private Sector Banks using SERVQUAL Dimensions

Scope of the study:
The study would try to throw some insights into the existing services provided by the banks and the gap between the customer expectations, perceptions and the actual state of performance. The results of the study would be able to recognize the lacunae in the system and thus provide key areas where improvement is required for better performance and success ratio.

Research Objectives:
(1) To find out the level of expectation and the level of perception of the customers from the services offered by the banks.
(2) To compare the level of perception and expectation of the services offered by the banks.
(3) To know which service quality dimension the bank is performing well and in which dimension it needs improvement.
(4) To know the preference towards the public sector and private sector banks.

Sampling Design:
=> Targeted banks: ICICI,HDFC,SBI,BOB
=> Sampling Frame: All the customers of four banks in Ahmedabad.
=> Sampling Unit: Any customer of four banks in Ahmedabad.
=> Sampling Area: Ahmedabad.
=> Sampling Method: Non- Probability Convenience Sampling

Research tool :
• SERVQUAL Analysis
SERVQUAL is an instrument for measuring how customers perceive the quality of a service. In the mid-1980s Berry and his colleagues Parasuraman and Zeithaml began to investigate what determines service quality and how it is evaluated by customers. As a result of their study they developed the SERVQUAL instrument for measuring service quality, which initially included 10 service quality dimensions, which were later reduced to the following five: tangibles, reliability, responsiveness, assurance and empathy.

The instrument is based on the idea of the disconfirmation model, in other words on the comparison of customers’ expectations with their experiences from the service. Usually, the five dimensions of the instrument are described through the use of 22 attributes an “respondents are asked to state (on a seven-point scale from “Strongly disagree” to “Strongly agree”) what they expected from the service and how they perceived the service.”
This instrument has been widely used by researchers, but still, there are some controversies in its applicability across different service industries. In some studies the five dimensions of the instrument (determinants) have been found to be unstable across different types of services. Therefore, the SERVQUAL tool should be applied very carefully and the set of determinants and attributes used should be adapted to the specific situation.
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Corporate Governance Project Report

1) Introduction:
Corporate governance:
Corporate governance is the set of processes, customs, policies, laws, and institutions affecting the way a corporation is directed, administered or controlled.

Corporate governance also includes the relationships among the many stakeholders involved and the goals for which the corporation is governed.

The principal stakeholders are the shareholders/members, management, and the board of directors. Other stakeholders include labour (employees), customers, creditors (e.g., banks, bond holders), suppliers, regulators, and the community at large.
An important theme of corporate governance is to ensure the accountability of certain individuals in an organization through mechanisms that try to reduce or eliminate the principal-agent problem.

It is a system of structuring, operating and controlling a company with a view to achieve long term strategic goals to satisfy shareholders, creditors, employees, customers and suppliers, and complying with the legal and regulatory requirements, apart from meeting environmental and local community needs.
Report of SEBI committee (India) on Corporate Governance defines corporate governance as the acceptance by management of the inalienable rights of shareholders as the true owners of the corporation and of their own role as trustees on behalf of the shareholders. It is about commitment to values, about ethical business conduct and about making a distinction between personal & corporate funds in the management of a company.

Issues involving corporate governance principles include:
• Internal controls and internal auditors
• The independence of the entity's external auditors and the quality of their audits
• Oversight of the preparation of the entity's financial statements
• Review of the compensation arrangements for the chief executive officer and other senior executives
• 2) Objective of the Research:
• To analyze corporate governance practice of BSE-30 companies for last five years with reference of mandatory disclosure described by SEBI for Indian companies.
• To find out importance of corporate governance in Indian companies from the view point of the Company Secretary.
• To find out the awareness of functioning of Corporate Governance amongst investors who are fundamental analyst. To evaluate the importance of corporate governance as a parameter for investor before investing.

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