Three Great Books About Trade Shows

One of the secrets to having successful trade show experiences is in the research you conduct before you ever get to the show. The first decision to make is whether the show is worthwhile for your company to attend. Part of the research that should go into your decision-making process for shows is a little homework called reading. There are many books on the market that purport to help you navigate the treacherous waters of the highly-competitive trade show world. It’s one thing to buy a pop up banner and quite another knowing what message to put on it. That’s where research and some carefully chosen books can help. Here are three top choices.

How To Get the Most Out of Trade Shows by Steve Miller

Miller’s book is well organized and very readable. He covers crucial topics like preparation and does an especially good job with personal preparation—which starts with good personal hygiene. Such too-often-overlooked “small” matters can ruin an otherwise good presentation at a show. Miller goes on to cover all aspects of show craft, from the body language of attendees to marketing strategy. It’s an excellent “crash course” in trade shows and can help a company make the leap from attending to exhibiting at shows.

Trade Show in a Day: Get It Done Right, Get It Done Fast! by The Planning Shop

An excellent one-volume resource done by Rhonda Abrams and Betsy Bozdech for The Planning Shop. The authors cover the nuts-and-bolts basics of logistical planning for trade shows in a concise, well organized, and thoughtful way. They also separate fact from fiction on whether it is always better to rent expensive booth equipment—they opine you can frequently purchase quality materials outright much cheaper than you can rent them.

Guerrilla Trade Show Selling: New Unconventional Weapons and Tactics to Meet More People, Get More Leads, and Close More Sales by Conrad Levinson, Mark S.A. Smith, and Orvel Ray Wilson

From true thinking outside-the-box “guerrilla” ideas to simple common sense ones (like following up on leads), this book has it all. An excellent resource for a small company that doesn’t have a big budget, this latest entry from the Guerrilla Group can still prove useful even for someone in a Fortune 500 company. Good ideas frequently transcend all budgetary considerations.

You can always find an excellent selection of trade show materials, all at great prices, simply by visiting The Display Outlet.

What Can I do With a Master’s in Project Management

Many college students struggle to decide upon a degree when the time comes, and their difficulties are understandable. The degree they choose determines the path of their career in the future, and the wrong one could lead to a career they don’t enjoy. This makes it important for students to learn ahead of time what kind of jobs they can land with any given degree. A Master’s in Project Management is no different.

Deciding to enhance an education with a Master’s degree can open the door to new positions or make it possible to move up the corporate ladder in a current role. The true beauty of a Master’s in Project Management is that it provides individuals with a number of options in various sectors of the economy. The following are some of the more common positions for those with a Project Management degree.

Construction Manager

It was once possible for individuals to rise through the ranks in construction with little formal education, relying instead upon years of experience at various construction sites. As construction processes have become more complex and projects more massive, companies are increasingly on the lookout for those with specialized educations.

Construction Managers are primarily responsible for planning, coordinating, budgeting, and overseeing a construction project from start to finish. Individuals in this field need to be able to interact with construction employees just as effectively as they can with professional clients in a business setting as responsibilities will take them back and forth between the site and a meeting room.

Computer and Information Systems Manager

Take a look inside the average American household in the 21^st century and it is not uncommon to see at least one computer, if not two. Computers and the internet are prevalent in all corners of human life, and business is no different.

Almost every business relies upon computers and network systems to keep their operations running smoothly and effectively. As a result, there is an increasing need for individuals who know how to oversee these systems and ensure they are implemented effectively.

Architectural and Engineering Managers

A Master’s degree is the quickest way to a management position in architecture and engineering related industries. Bachelor’s degrees are viewed as the minimum for entry-level employment, and while on-the-job experience can lead to higher positions it is advantageous to acquire a Master’s to increase advancement opportunities.

Managers in these two industries are responsible for planning, coordinating, and directing activities over the course of a given project. Some individuals are even tasked with research and development aimed at producing new relevant equipment or processes.

The possibilities are endless with a Master’s in Project Management. Upon graduating from a program, students will find a variety of positions awaiting them in fields such as construction, manufacturing, finance, and information technology. While some project management-related careers allow for time on the job to substitute for education, a number of them are adjusting to changing workplace conditions and seeking employees with an advanced degree for promotions.

Investment Avenues Project Report

ABSTRACT
Savings form an important part of the economy of any nation. With the savings invested in various options available to the people, the money acts as the driver for growth of the country. Indian financial scene too presents a plethora of avenues to the investors. Though certainly not the best or deepest of markets in the world, it has reasonable options for an ordinary man to invest his savings.

The money you earn is partly spent and the rest saved for meeting future expenses. Instead of keeping the savings idle you may like to use savings in order to get return on it in the future. This is called Investment.

 One needs to invest to and earn return on your idle resources and generate a specified sum of money for a specific goal in life and  make a provision for an uncertain future One of the important reasons why one needs to invest wisely is to meet the cost of Inflation. Inflation is the rate at which the cost of living increases.

The cost of living is simply what it costs to buy the goods and services you need to live. Inflation causes money to lose value because it will not buy the same amount of a good or service in the future as it does now or did in the past. The sooner one starts investing the better. By investing early you allow your investments more time to grow, whereby the concept of compounding increases your income, by accumulating the principal and the interest or dividend earned on it, year after year.

OBJECTIVES OF THE PROJECT:
The purpose of the study was to determine the saving behavior and investment preferences of customers. Customer perception will provide a way to accurately measure how the customers think about the products and services provided by the company. Today’s trying economic conditions have forced difficult decisions for companies. Most are making conservative decisions that reflect a survival mode in the business operations. During these difficult times, understanding what customers on an ongoing basis is critical for survival. Executives need a 3rd party understanding on where customer loyalties stand. More than ever management needs ongoing feedback from the customers, partners and employees in order to continue to innovate and grow. The main objective of the project is to find out the needs of current and future customers. For this report , customer perception and awareness level will  be measured in many important areas like:  

=> To understand all about different investment avenues available in India.

=> To find out how the investors get information about the various financial instrument

=> To find out how the investor wants to invest i.e. on his own or through a broker.

=> To find out the saving habits of the different customers and the amount they invest in various financial instruments.

=> In which type of financial instrument they like to invest.

=> How long they prefer to keep their money invested.

=> What is the return that they expect from the investment.

=> What are the various factors that they consider before investing.

=> To find out the risk profile of the investor.

=> To give a recommendation to the investors that where they should invest.

=> To give a suggestion to my company where our fund lacks in the market & how it should be rectified.       

=> After all as a management trainee I will try to get some valuable knowledge from my seniors in the organization as well as from my faculty guide which will help me in the future.

=> To evaluate the consumer attitude towards saving and decision making regarding investments.

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Derivatives- Futures and Options Project Report

INTRODUCTION OF DERIVATIVES
The emergence of the market for derivative products, most notably forwards, futures and options, can be traced back to the willingness of risk-averse economic agents to guard themselves against uncertainties arising out of fluctuations in asset prices.  By their very nature, the financial markets are marked by a very high degree of volatility.  Through the use of derivative products, it is possible to partially or fully transfer price risks by locking-in asset Prices. As instruments of risk management, these generally do not influence the Fluctuations in the underlying asset prices. However, by locking-in asset prices, Derivative products minimize the impact of fluctuations in asset prices on the Profitability and cash flow situation of risk-averse investors.

Derivatives are risk management instruments, which derive their value from an underlying asset. The underlying asset can be bullion, index, share, bonds, Currency, interest, etc., Banks, Securities firms, companies and investors to hedge risks, to gain access to cheaper money and to make profit, use derivatives.  Derivatives are likely to grow even at a faster rate in future.

DERIVATIVE PRODUCTS (TYPES)
The following are the various types of derivatives.  They are:

Forwards:
A forward contract is a customized contract between two entities, where settlement takes place on a specific date in the future at today’s pre-agreed price.

Futures:
A futures contract is an agreement between two parties to buy or sell an asset at a certain time in the future at a certain price.  Futures contracts are special types of forward contracts in the sense that the former are standardized exchange-traded contracts.

Options:
Options are of two types-calls and puts.  Calls give the buyer the right but not the obligation to buy a given quantity of the underlying asset, at a given price on or before a given future date.  Puts give the buyer the right, but not the obligation to sell a given quantity of the underlying asset at a given price on or before a given date.

Warrants:
Options generally have lives of upto one year; the majority of options traded on options exchanges having a maximum maturity of nine months.  Longer-dated options are called warrants and are generally traded Over-the-counter.

Leaps:
The acronym LEAPS means Long-Term Equity Anticipation Securities. These are options having a maturity of upto three years.

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Credit Appraisal Project Report

Credit Appraisal System
DESIGN OF THE STUDY
1. Statement of the problem
The study relates to analysis of credit appraisal system with reference to Axis Bank. Axis banks one of private sector banks in India, which provides loans and advances when it is required by individuals or companies and accepts the deposits from the public. while providing loans advances to the public it faces number of problems like :
* Of interest loans
* Default interest security inadequate

OBJECTIVES:
* To study the credit appraisal methods.
* To study existing credit appraisal system .
* To understand the commercial, financial & technical viability of the proposal proposed and it’s finding pattern.

Scope of the study:
The topic selected is credit appraisal system with respect to banking industry which means how the managers in banks appraise the corporate firms lending process and how the whole process carried forward like a system keeping certain aspects like risk, legal into concern. The scope lays in way a bank finances its potential borrowers which is tailor made at time to meet the client need and help with all the services the bank can deliver in order to meet its persons goals and objectives

Methodology :
Souces of data collection ;
The data is most vital and in tegral aspect which is responsible for the completion of any project. The data can be gained and derived from two methods that is :
* Primary data
* Secondary data

Primary data collection:
The data is been collected through primary sources like personal observationin to banking system and also interviewing with the guide and other managers an other managers an also through some personnel guidance of employees working in organization

Secondary data collection :
Internal sources
Internal sources include accounting records, sale force reports , miscellaneous reports, balance sheet and annual reports

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Lease Financing - Hire, Purchase & Factoring Notes

Introduction
In order to start and sustain a business one needs finance. In the unit one on feasibility study, you have already seen the process of estimating financial requirements. The process involved (a) making a list of all the assets (b)identifying the sources of supply (c) estimating the cost of acquisition when the assets are to be acquired on outright basis. Then investment requirements as well as entrepreneur’s fear will increase. To scare away the entrepreneur’s fear, the emphasis should be given to resources and not to the ownership. In this unit we intend to familiarize you with some important financial innovations i.e., leasing, hire purchase and factoring.

Objectives
After going through this unit you should be able to
• Describe the meaning of leasing
• Explain the role and importance of lease financing in economic development of a
country
• Distinguish between the various types of leases
• Describe the meaning of hire purchase
• Distinguish between leasing and hire purchase
• Describe the meaning of factoring

Concept of Lease Financing
Lease financing denotes procurement of assets through lease. The subject of leasing falls in the category of finance. Leasing has grown as a big industry in the USA and UK and spread to other countries during the present century. In India, the concept was pioneered in 1973 when the First Leasing Company was set up in Madras and the eighties have seen a rapid growth of this business. Lease as a concept involves a contract whereby the ownership, financing and risk taking of any equipment or asset are separated and shared by two or more parties. Thus, the lessor may finance and lessee may accept the risk through the use of it while a third party may own it. Alternatively the lessor may finance and own it while the lessee enjoys the use of it and bears the risk. There are various combinations in which the above characteristics are shared by the lessor and lessee.

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Project Financing - A Report

Role of Infrastructure in Development
It is now well recognized that a country’s development is strongly linked to its infrastructure strength. Infrastructure helps determine a country’s ability to expand trade, cope with population growth, reduce poverty and a host of other factors that define economic and human development. Good infrastructure raises productivity and lowers production cost, but must also expand fast enough to accommodate growth. The precise links between infrastructure and development have been subject to extensive debate. The link between infrastructure and economic growth has been studied extensively in literature, the World Bank report (1994) of the World Bank for instance. The results show that infrastructure development can have a significant impact on the economic growth. For low-income countries basic infrastructure such as water, irrigation and to a lesser extent transportation are more important. As the economies mature into a middle-income category, their share of power and telecommunications in the infrastructure and investment increases. An estimate however shows that a 1% increase in infrastructure stock* is positively associated with a corresponding growth in GDP across countries.

Infrastructure is a necessary but not a sufficient condition for growth. Adequate complements of other resources must be present as well. In developing countries like India, infrastructure development and financing has largely been the prerogative of the government. Since infrastructure is typically a natural monopoly, the government considered it necessary to keep control of the same, in public interest. The success and failure of infrastructure to meet the needs of the people is largely a story of the government’s performance.

In the case of India, the government has taken great strides in improving the infrastructure stock of the nation since independence. However, when compared to developed countries we still have a long way to go. For instance, per capita power consumption in India is a meagre 282 KWH compared to 18,117 KWH for Canada. The situation has worsened in the 90’s with frequent revisions being made to the eighth plan document owing to the government’s inability to bear the cost of infrastructure anymore.

The simple truth is that public money is no longer sufficient to meet the burgeoning needs of the nation in line with its economic aspirations. Reluctantly, therefore the government has to throw open the doors to private participation in infrastructure.

Public Sector in Infrastructure Development
Infrastructure represents a strong public interest and so mer5its the attention of the government. The dominant role, that the public sector has assumed in the infrastructure

• Recognition of the economic importance of infrastructure
• Belief that the problems with supply and technology require highly active intervention by the government.
• Faith that the government could succeed where markets appear to fail

There is enough evidence to show that, despite significant growth in a number of developing countries infrastructure facilities have fallen far short of the requirements, Though each sector has special problems, there are common patterns in the provision of infrastructure services and shortcomings such as:
• Operational deficiencies
• Inadequate maintenance
• Extensive dependence on fiscal resources
• Lack of responsiveness to the needs
• Limited benefits to the poor

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Creating & Measuring Shareholders Value Project Report

When managers consider alternative strategies, those expected to develop the
greatest sustainable competitive advantage will be those that will also create the
greatest value for shareholders.

Companies can choose excellence in operations that is closely related to the
profitability. They can get their financial structure right, which is closest to free
cash flow among the fundamental drivers. They can also choose to be focused
and this is linked most closely to profitability. Those are areas of comparative
advantage. They can also create value through credible earnings growth, which
matches the fundamental driver growth and many other ways are in place to
create shareholder value.

The research issue arises from this variety of different ways to create value.
There is always scope for creating value in companies and they avail themselves of value-creating advice. The strategies are put in practice within the framework of that scope. We then find it worthwhile to investigate how strategies are handled in practice in some selected Swedish companies. However, it is not enough to have strategies in place, there is need for some indicators to ensure whether value had been created. Thus the companies need to measure and make sure that they are being successful in creating value for shareholder. “What gets measured gets done” this was a famous statement by Percy Barnevik’s (Dalborg, 1999). That statement underlines the importance of measurement.

In order to better answer the research issue, creating shareholder value will be studied in general as background to the research issue. The research issue will cover the different valuation methods used by companies to measure shareholder value creation and also the advantages and shortcomings of those methods whenever identified.

Objective of the study
The purpose is to conduct an analytical study of different methods used by companies to measure shareholder value creation. The study also aims to give a
general picture of how shareholder value is created as a background to measuring shareholder value. Furthermore all that will be done will be based on an empirical study.

Scope and limitations
Creating and measuring shareholder value can be studied from different perspectives. When studied from the shareholder or other stakeholder perspective, the research is mostly based on the information collected from the shareholder or stakeholders. When it is the stock market perspective, the information used in the study is collected mainly from the stock market. If the study is based on the company perspective then the information used will mainly be collected from the company. Every perspective is very important to investigate. However due to the time limit and the scope of the problem we are obliged to make some limitations.

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Notes on Accounting of Fixed Assets

ACCOUNTING FOR FIXED ASSETS
Introduction
An asset is a resource acquired for use in a business. A distinction is made in accounting between "current assets" and " "fixed assets". Current assets are those assets that form part of the working capital of a business. They are assets whose benefits are expected to be realized within one accounting period. They are replaced frequently or converted into cash during the course of trading and therefore they are short term in nature e.g. stock, prepayments, debtors, cash and bank. A fixed asset is an asset of a business intended for continuing use, rather than a hort-term, temporary asset such as stocks. Fixed assets are assets acquired for use in the business and not for resale in the ordinary course of business. Their use value extends beyond one accounting period and therefore they are long-term in nature e.g. furniture, buildings, plant and machinery, motor vehicles, fittings
etc. This chapter will present the accounting for fixed assets. This chapter overs the recognition, valuation and presentation of fixed assets and the provision of depreciation expense.

Objectives:
After studying this chapter you should be able to:
• Identify the various types of long term assets
• Distinguish between capital and revenue expenditure
• Identity the relevant cost of fixed assets.
• Appreciate methods of estimating depreciation expense
• Draw ledger accounts for fixed assets and depreciation
• Account for disposal of assets
• Draw schedule of fixed assets

Key Terms
Assets: Resources acquired for use in the business e.g. stock, motor vehicles

Tangible Assets: Assets with a physical existence land, buildings and machinery.

Intangible Assets: Assets without a physical existence e.g. goodwill, patent rights.

Current Assets: Assets expected to be realised within one accounting period eg cash, debtors

Fixed Assets: Fixed assets are assets acquired for use in the business and not for resale in the ordinary course of business.

Classification of Long-term assets-
Fixed assets can be classified in a company's balance sheet as intangible, tangible, or investments. Tangible fixed assets are those fixed assets with a physical existence e.g. Land and buildings, furniture and fitting, etc. Intangible fixed assets are those fixed assets without physical existence. Examples of intangible fixed assets include:
1. Goodwill; this is an asset created by a business over time through its location,
reputation skills of workers etc.

2. Patent right and trademarks; legal right to a product or an art or device of production.

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Back Office Functions in a Stock Exchange Project Report

Introduction -
Back office is the back bone of any broking business. The main and important function of the back office is to ensure that the rules and regulations are strictly adhered to and the control is maintained on the operations of the firm. The success of the back office largely depends on the efficient functioning of the back office. It can be well understood by each and every broking firm that in order to gain a competitive edge and sustain the challenges of a dynamic environment today it must have a very efficient back office.

This project tries to tell us that the why back office functioning is essential for every firm in this kind of business, so as to increase its profitability, efficiency and sustain the pressures posed by competition. This project also tries to bring out the role of the personnel working in the back office, and how their efficiency and devotion plays an important role in the success of any broking firm.

The project contents are followed by the objectives which will be followed by the introduction to the topic. Methodology adopted will help us to know how the project has been carried out. Observations and Findings will be followed by the suggestions to improve the efficiency of the back office function.

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Analytical Study on Market Linked Insurance At Tata AIG Life Project Report

Summary of Project
The Project title is itself self-explanatory the first part i.e. comparative study on ULIPS (UNIT LINKED INSURANCE PLANS) in Indian Insurance Market. It includes how Insurance Market in India looks like, how it is growing and booming and helping the Indian economy. Their current trend helps us to know about the Insurance sector and the current scenario Of ULIPS in Insurance market. Wherein a market study is also done, it tells how ULIPS are popular with the Indians. Also a comparison is done with Mutual Funds as the ULIPS similar to Mutual Funds.

Objective:-
A comparative analysis of ULIPs (Unit Linked Insurance Plans) in the Indian Insurance Market is the main objective of the practical. We know that now a day’s people have become aware of the investment opportunities in capital market and also they like to take risk in their life. ULIPs is such a product which offers a good combination of risk and also security, i.e. it gives investment opportunity and also protection to one’s life.

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Analysis of Mutual Fund Schemes of Reliance Money

This project work consists of the analytical and different schemes of mutual funds which Reliance Money which provides to give the concept of what is the difference in their schemes.

The methodology that was adopted for framing the project was primary and secondary
data. This project is restricted to Pune area only.

In this project, I have shown the different products and utility of it to the customer. This project highlights on the peculiarities of the product since they are traded in the market.

The project was studied with the help of brochure, magazine and net.
Even a dialogue was carried with the top executive so that it can help me to shape project and get the exact idea where the position of product lies and its status.

Customers are the king. They were interviewed and their opinion was taken into
consideration so that I can correlate my information with the theory part.

Since customers were rigid they didn’t reveal the exact information about the product
.Even keeping in mind the duration of the project there were certain limitations for it. As people were not ready to spare some time and discuss the product or answer to the query raised by me.
So, I have to drawn some of the conclusion on the basis of the brochures and material of the company being provided.

Objectives:-
1. To study the various offers of the company, services ranging from equities,
commodities, portfolio management etc.

2. The objective of the study was to collect information on the various securities
revolving in the market & thus providing customer service to clients to help them
invest capital in profitable plans.

3. To know about returns of the fund which one is beneficial.

4. To know their portfolio management.

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Analysis of Mutual Fund & Portfolio Management in Mutual Fund For Motilal Oswal Securities

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Right from its existence, Banks, whether nationalize or corporate, always dominated others, in case of public investments or retail investments. But in past few years due to various reasons like continuously falling of interest rates, various scams etc. investors will have to look for various other investments avenues that will give them better returns with minimization of risks. Here Mutual Funds Industry has very important role to play in providing alternate investment avenue to entire gamut of investors in scientific and professional manner.

Indian Mutual Fund Industry has been definitely maturing over the period. In four decades of its existence in India Mutual Funds have gone through various structural changes and gained prominent position in Financial Industry. Because of easy of investments, professional management and diversification more and more investors are gaining confidence in Mutual Funds. Even government policies like abolishment of long term capital benefit taxes added advantage to growth of Mutual Funds. This is all the way is leading to pool of more and more money from retail investors into the Mutual Funds.

So I carried out project in Mutual Funds and its Portfolio Management for the period of two months starting from 1st June 2007 to 31st July 2007 to understand Mutual Funds, Mutual Fund Industry, analyze the trend in Mutual Funds, what has been the performance so far and mapping various methods of Client prospecting and servicing, what are the factors that attracts the investors to invest in Mutual Funds over other investment avenues.

The project study focused on increasing brand awareness at retail level clients and various activities that results in brand awareness among the same. This project also consists of generating and getting clients, generating database and after sales services to retain client and make them happy investor.

While analyzing trend, I tried to map how Asset Under Management (AUM) varied over the period with BSE-Sensex to facilitate feature projections. It has been done separately for Equity Schemes, Income Schemes, Balanced Schemes and Liquid Schemes.

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Analysis of Financial Statements using Ratio Analysis Technique Project Report

The training at UltraTech Cement Limited involved the day to day working at corporate accounts departments with the senior & junior managers and research department in the company. This project helped me to get the deeper understanding of the process of Financial Statement Analysis and how decisions are taken to strengthen the financial position.

For this study five years‘ comparative Income Statement & Balance Sheet have been taken for calculating ratio analysis. Main objective in undertaking this project is to supplement academic knowledge with absolute practical exposure to day to day functions of the sector.

Financial analysis which is the topic of this project refers to an assessment of the viability, stability and profitability of a business. This important analysis is performed usually by finance professionals in order to prepare financial or annual reports. These financial reports are made with using the information taken from financial statements of the company and it is based on the significant tool of Ratio Analysis. These reports are usually presented to top management as one of their basis in making crucial business decisions.

During the training period at UltraTech Cement Limited, I had close connection with
preparation of financial statements and also their analysis which was made by professionals in the accounting team of the company. This experience was an emphasis on the importance of these Ratios which could be the roots of decisions made by management that can make or break the company. So, I was influenced to allocate the aim of this project to study the details about these ratios and their possible effects on the decisions made by not only people inside the company but also the outsiders such as investors.
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Analysis of Cement Sector as Investment Avenue for India Infoline Securities

This project is an attempt to understand the basics of stock market. A project which will make me well versed with the market happenings ups & downs in the stock market, daily analysis- fundamental & a little bit of technical.

The chapter on body methodology explains the steps that I took in understanding the equity market. It mentions a step by step detail of how I went by in order to answer
my own doubts & the techniques that I used to go ahead.

The next chapter gives a brief description about the company where I did my internship from, which is 5paisa.com which is a trading arm of IndiaInfoline Securities Pvt Ltd.

The following chapter explains about the formation & company composition of IndiaInfoline Securities Pvt Ltd.

The next chapter gives a detailed report of my summer internship done at the company. It gives the jobs assigned to me at work, followed by the methods which I
undertook in going about my internship.

The conclusion gives the details about the learning that I have gained in the
company.
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Credit Appraisal Process in SME Sector of State Bank of India (SBI) Project Report

Credit Appraisal Process inSME Sector of State Bank of India (SBI) Project Report

Reforms in the banking sector:
The first phase of financial reforms resulted in the nationalization of 14 major banks in 1969 and resulted in a shift from Class banking to Mass banking. This in turn resulted in a significant growth in the geographical coverage of banks. Every bank has to earmark a minimum percentage of their loan portfolio to sectors identified as “priority sectors”. The manufacturing sector also grew during the 1970s in protected environs and the banking sector was a critical source. The next wave of reforms saw the nationalization of 6 more commercial banks in 1980. Since then the number scheduled commercial banks increased four-fold and the number of banks branches increased eight-fold.

After the second phase of financial sector reforms and liberalization of the sector in the early nineties, the Public Sector Banks (PSB) s found it extremely difficult to complete with the new private sector banks and the foreign banks. The new private sector banks first made their appearance after the guidelines permitting them were issued in January 1993. Eight new private sector banks are presently in operation. This banks due to their late start have access to state-of-the-art technology, which in turn helps them to save on manpower costs and provide better services.

During the year 2000, the State Bank of India (SBI) and its 7 associates accounted for a 25% share in deposits and 28.1% share in credit. The 20 nationalized banks accounted for 53.5% of the deposits and 47.5% of credit during the same period. The share of foreign banks ( numbering 42 ), regional rural banks and other scheduled commercial banks accounted for 5.7%, 3.9% and 12.2% respectively in deposits and 8.41%, 3.14% and 12.85% respectively in credit during the year 2000.

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Introduction to Credit Appraisal:
Credit appraisal means an investigation/assessment done by the bank prior before providing any loans & advances/project finance & also checks the commercial, financial & technical viability of the project proposed its funding pattern & further checks the primary & collateral security cover available for recovery of such funds.

Problem Statement:
=> To study the Credit Appraisal System in SME sector, at State Bank of India (SBI), Uttarsanda.

Objectives:
=> To study the Credit Appraisal Methods.
=> To understand the commercial, financial & technical viability of the project proposed & it’s funding pattern.
=> To understand the pattern for primary & collateral security cover available for recovery of such funds.
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Credit Appraisal Process at AXIS Bank Project Report

Project Report on Axis Bank
A snapshot of the banking industry
The Reserve Bank of India (RBI), as the central bank of the country, closely monitors developments in the whole financial sector.

The banking sector is dominated by Scheduled Commercial Banks (SBCs). As at end March 2002, there were 296 Commercial banks operating in India. This included 27 Public Sector Banks (PSBs), 31 Private, 42 Foreign and 196 Regional Rural Banks. Also, there were 67 scheduled co-operative banks consisting of 51 scheduled urban cooperative banks and 16 scheduled state co-operative banks.

Scheduled commercial banks touched, on the deposit front, a growth of 14% as against 18% registered in the previous year. And on advances, the growth was 14.5% against 17.3% of the earlier year.
State Bank of India is still the largest bank in India with the market share of 20% ICICI and its two subsidiaries merged with ICICI Bank, leading creating the second largest bank in India with a balance sheet size of Rs. 1040bn.
Higher provisioning norms, tighter asset classification norms, dispensing with the concept of ‘past due’ for recognition of NPAs, lowering of ceiling on exposure to a single borrower and group exposure etc., are among the measures in order to improve the banking sector.
A minimum stipulated Capital Adequacy Ratio (CAR) was introduced to strengthen the ability of banks to absorb losses and the ratio has subsequently been raised from 8% to 9%. It is proposed to hike the CAR to 12% by 2004 based on the Basle Committee recommendations.

Retail Banking is the new mantra in the banking sector. The home Loans alone account
for nearly two-third of the total retail portfolio of the bank. According to one estimate, the retail segment is expected to grow at 30-40% in the coming years.
Net banking, phone banking, mobile banking, ATMs and bill payments are the new buzz words that banks are using to lure customers.

With a view to provide an institutional mechanism for sharing of information on borrowers / potential borrowers by banks and Financial Institutions, the Credit Information Bureau (India) Ltd. (CIBIL) was set up in August 2000. The Bureau provides a framework for collecting, processing and sharing credit information on borrowers of credit institutions. SBI and HDFC are the promoters of the CIBIL.

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Comparative Analysis of NPA of Public Sector Banks,Private Sector Banks & Foreign Banks

Comparative Analysis of NPA of Public Sector Banks,Private Sector Banks & Foreign Banks Project Report
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Introduction
The banking industry has undergone a sea change after the first phase of economic
liberalization in 1991 and hence credit management. While the primary function of banks is to lend funds as loans to various sectors such as agriculture, industry, personal loans, housing loans etc., in recent times the banks have become very cautious in extending loans. The reason being mounting non-performing assets (NPAs). An NPA is defined as a loan asset, which has ceased to generate any income for a bank whether in the form of interest or principal repayment. As per the prudential norms suggested by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI), a bank cannot book interest on an NPA on accrual basis. In other words, such interests can be booked only when it has been actually received.
Therefore, an NPA account not only reduces profitability of banks by provisioning in the profit and loss account, but their carrying cost is also increased which results in excess & avoidable management attention. Apart from this, a high level of NPA also puts strain on a banks net worth because banks are under pressure to maintain a desired level of Capital Adequacy and in the absence of comfortable profit level, banks eventually look towards their internal financial strength to fulfill the norms thereby slowly eroding the net worth.

Research Design
The research design that will be use is Descriptive Research.
=> Involves gathering data that describe events and then organizes, tabulates, depicts, and describes the data.
=> Uses description as a tool to organize data into patterns that emerge during analysis.
=> Often uses visual aids such as graphs and charts to aid the reader.
=> Using of hypothesis testing.

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Commodity Futures - Investors Perception Project Report

INTRODUCTION TO DERIVATIVES INDUSTRY
Derivatives
A derivative is a security or contract designed in such a way that its price is derived from the price of an underlying asset. For instance, the price of a gold futures contract for October maturity is derived from the price of gold. Changes in the price of the underlying asset affect the price of the derivative security in a predictable way.

Evolution of derivatives
In the 17th century, in Japan, the rice was been grown abundantly; later the trade in rice grew and evolved to the stage where receipts for future delivery were traded with a high degree of standardization. This led to forward trading.

In 1730, the market received official recognition from the “Tokugawa Shogunate” (the ruling clan of shoguns or feudal lords). The Dojima rice market can thus be regarded as the first futures market, in the sense of an organized exchange withstandardized trading terms.

The first futures markets in the Western hemisphere were developed in the United States in Chicago. These markets had started as spot markets and gradually evolved into futures trading. This evolution occurred in stages. The first stage was the starting of agreements to buy grain in the future at a pre-determined price with the intension of actual delivery. Gradually these contracts became transferable and over a period of time, particularly delivery of the physical produce. Traders found that the agreements were easier to buy and sell if they were standardized in terms of quality of grain, market lot and place of delivery. This is how modern futures contracts first came into being. The Chicago Board of Trade (CBOT) which opened in 1848 is, to this day the largest futures market in the world.

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Currency Derivative Business Perspective Project Report

WHAT IS FOREX MARKET?
The international currency market Forex is a special kind of the world financial market. Trader’s purpose on the Forex is to get profit as the result of foreign currencies purchase and sale. The exchange rates of all currencies being in the market turnover are permanently changing under the action of the demand and supply alteration. The latter is a strong subject to the influence of any important for the human society event in the sphere of economy, politics and nature. Consequently current prices of foreign currencies, evaluated for instance in US dollars, fluctuate towards its higher and lower meanings.

Using these fluctuations in accordance with a known principle “buy cheaper – sell higher” traders obtain gains. Forex is different in compare to all other sectors of the world financial system thanks to his heightened sensibility to a large and continuously changing number of factors, accessibility to all individual and corporative traders, exclusively high trade turnover which creates an ensured liquidity of traded currencies and the round – the clock business hours which enable traders to deal after normal hours or during national holidays in their country finding markets abroad open. Just as on any other market the trading on Forex, along with an exclusively high potential profitability, is essentially risk - bearing one. It is possible to gain a success on it only after a certain training including a familiarization with the structure and kinds of Forex, the principles of currencies price formation, the factors affecting prices alterations and trading risks levels, sources of the information necessary to account all those factors, techniques of the analysis and prediction of the market movements as well as with the trading tools and rules.

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